accounting article

Accountancy

            Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally in the form of financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management; the art lies in selecting the information that is relevant to the user and is reliable. The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.

            The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accountancy as "the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof." Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced.

            Early accounts served mainly to assist the memory of the businessperson and the audience for the account was the proprietor or record keeper alone. Cruder forms of accounting were inadequate for the problems created by a business entity involving multiple investors, so double-entry bookkeeping first emerged in northern Italy in the 14th century, where trading ventures began to require more capital than a single individual was able to invest. The development of joint stock companies created wider audiences for accounts, as investors without firsthand knowledge of their operations relied on accounts to provide the requisite information. This development resulted in a split of accounting systems for internal (i.e. management accounting) and external (i.e. financial accounting) purposes, and subsequently also in accounting and disclosure regulations and a growing need for independent attestation of external accounts by auditors.

            Today, accounting is called "the language of business" because it is the vehicle for reporting financial information about a business entity to many different groups of people. Accounting that concentrates on reporting to people inside the business entity is called management accounting and is used to provide information to employees, managers, owner-managers and auditors. Management accounting is concerned primarily with providing a basis for making management or operating decisions. Accounting that provides information to people outside the business entity is called financial accounting and provides information to present and potential shareholders, creditors such as banks or vendors, financial analysts, economists, and government agencies. Because these users have different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is very structured and subject to many more rules than management accounting. The body of rules that governs financial accounting in a given jurisdiction is called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. Other rules include International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, or US GAAP. The basic accounting equation is assets = liabilities + equity. This is the balance sheet. The foundation for the balance sheet begins with the income statement, which is revenues - expenses = net income or net loss. This is followed by the retained earnings statement, which is beginning retained earnings + net income + additional capital(capital contribution) - dividends/drawings = ending retained earnings.

5 ARTICLE

Article 1

Banjir Jakarta

DALAM dua bulan akhir ini Jakarta telah dilanda dua kali banjir besar. Berdasarkan berita surat kabar banjir yang pertama pada permulaan bulan Januari genangannya lebih dalam, tetapi luasnya lebih kecil, daripada banjir yang kedua pada bulan Februari ini. Keduanya menyebabkan kerugian dan penderitaan yang besar pada rakyat. Pada banjir yang kedua daerah elite pun, seperti Jl. Thamrin, tidak luput dari genangan.

Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika memprakirakan masih akan ada hujan besar lagi dalam bulan Maret. Akankah Jakarta kena banjir lagi?
Penyebab banjir di Jakarta tidaklah sederhana, melainkan rumit. Sebagian penyebab itu bersifat alamiah dan sebagian lagi dampak perbuatan manusia. Keduanya saling berinteraksi.
Jakarta terletak di daerah dataran rendah dengan topografi yang landai. Letak Jakarta di tepi pantai laut dan hanya sedikit saja di ataspermukaan laut. Ini nampak dengan jelas di jalur jalan tol Prof. Sedyatmo. Pada waktu tidak banjir pun permukaan rawa bakau terletak di bibir jalan permukaan jalan. Beberapa sungai bermuara di dan di sekitar Jakarta. Sungai Ciliwung malahan mengalir di tengah kota. Karena topografi yang landai itu air sungai tidak dapat mengalir dengan cepat ke laut. Lagi pula kecepatan aliran air sungai itu terhambat pada waktu air laut pasang. Aliran air sungai yang lambat dan letak Jakarta yang rendah mempermudah terjadinya banjir.

Sungai di Jakarta, seperti Ciliwung, banyak berkelok. Suatu hal yang normal pada sungai di dataran rendah. Kelokan yang banyak menghambat aliran sungai, sehingga waktu debit air besar, air itu mudah meluap. Terjadilah banjir. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan normalisasi sungai, yaitu meluruskan alur sungai. Secara teknis ini tak sulit. Tetapi masalah sosial-ekonominya besar, yaitu memerlukan memindahkan banyak permukiman.

Laju erosi di DAS sungai-sungai yang mengalir di dan di sekitar Jakarta adalah tinggi. Ini nampak dari warna air sungai yang cokelat pekat yang menunjukkan kandungan lumpur yang tinggi. Dengan aliran sungai yang lambat banyak lumpur yang mengendap sehingga terjadi pendangkalan sungai-sungai. Pendangkalan oleh lumpur erosi diperparah lagi oleh sampah yang banyak dibuang ke sungai. Dengan adanya pendangkalan itu volume alur sungai berkurang. Masalah ini diperparah lagi dengan sampah yang banyak menyumbat sungai dan got.
Pendangkalan merupakan faktor penyebab banjir, karena volume air yang dapat tersalurkan melalui alur sungai berkurang sehingga lebih mudah meluap. Dengan lain perkataan makin mudah terjadi banjir. Masalah ini dapat dikurangi atau diatasi dengan mengeruk sungai dan membuat atau mempertinggi tanggul. Tetapi karena laju erosi tetap tinggi, pengerukan itu harus terus-menerus dilakukan. Jika laju pengerukan lebih rendah daripada laju pendangkalan, tanggul harus terus dipertinggi. Akhirnya, kota akan terletak di bawah sungai, seperti halnya banyak desa dan kota di sepanjang Cimanuk dan Bengawan Solo. Bahayanya ialah apabila terjadi banjir besar dan tanggul jebol. Malapetakalah yang menanti.
Cara lain ialah membuat saluran banjir (banjir kanal) baru di barat dan timur Jakarta untuk menyalurkan air sungai dengan cepat ke laut.

DENGAN makin banyaknya pembangunan, makin banyak permukaan tanah yang tertutup oleh jalan, beton dan perumahan. Menurut berita koran-koran luas taman di Jakarta telah berkurang. Karena itu laju peresapan air ke dalam tanah menurun. Daerah situ (danau) yang dulu banyak terdapat di daerah dan di sekitar Jakarta telah banyak yang digunakan untuk pembangunan. Ini pun mengurangi laju peresapan air. Karena air yang dapat meresap ke dalam tanah berkurang, makin banyaklah air yang tinggal di atas permukaan tanah pada waktu hujan. Bahaya banjir pun bertambah. Tidak mudahlah mengatasi masalah ini, karena jalan, gedung perkantoran, pusat perbelanjaan dan pemukiman tidak dapat dibongkar lagi.

Sebagian rawa di daerah Jakarta, misalnya Pantai Indah Kapuk, telah dibangun untuk permukiman dengan segala fasilitasnya. Pembangunan rawa itu mengurangi daya retensi air, yaitu tempat penampungan air sebelum mengalir ke laut. Jadi rawa itu semacam tempat “parkir” air sebelum mengalir ke laut. Hilangnya situ-situ juga mengurangi daya tampung tempat “parkir” air. Karena tempat “parkir”-nya berkurang, air itu mencari tempat lain untuk “parkir”. Celakanya tempat “parkir” itu merupakan hunian, jalan dan tempat bisnis. Untuk mengurangi bahaya banjir di tempat permukiman baru di bekas rawa itu, air dipompa. Air yang dipompa itu mencari tempat untuk mengalir atau “parkir”. Dengan lain perkataan air pompaan itu menambah volume banjir di tempat lain.

Jakarta mengalami keamblesan, yaitu permukaan tanah ambles atau turun. Banyak orang berpendapat keamblesan itu disebabkan oleh terlalu banyaknya disedot air tanah. Sebagian lagi menyatakan bahwa keamblesan itu adalah suatu peristiwa alamiah. Mungkin juga ada interaksi antara keduanya, yaitu ada keamblesan alamiah yang dipercepat oleh adanya pembangunan. Apa pun sebabnya, keamblesan itu menyebabkan letak Jakarta makin rendah terhadap permukaan air sungai dan laut sehingga bahaya banjirnya bertambah. Untuk mengurangi bahaya itu jalan dipertinggi. Misalnya, Jl. Thamrin telah dipertinggi dan untuk beberapa tahun lamanya Jl. Thamrin bebas banjir sampai kemudian pada hari Sabtu, 10 Februari, Jl. Thamrin kebanjiran lagi. Untuk mengatasi ini Jl. Thamrin dapat dipertinggi lagi. Dengan tindakan ini Jl. Thamrin untuk beberapa tahun yang akan datang akan bebas banjir. Tetapi sementara itu air akan mencari jalan lain. Jadi dengan mempertinggi Jl. Thamrin itu bahaya banjir di daerah lain meningkat. Untuk mengurangi bahaya ini, dapat juga tanggul disepanjang sungai lebih dipertinggi lagi atau/dan membuat saluran banjir baru.

Daerah di bagian hulu DAS sungai yang mengalir di dan di sekitar Jakarta mengalami pembangunan yang pesat. Pembangunan terbesar kita dapatkan di DAS hulu Ciliwung yang nampak dengan jelas di daerah Puncak. Perumahan telah makin merayap ke atas bukit-bukit dan makin sedikit terdapat hutan dan belukar. Lereng yang curam pun tidak luput dari incaran pembangunan vila-vila. Demikian pula di DAS hulu Cisadane terdapat pembangunan yang pesat.

Pembangunan perumahan yang mengurangi hutan dan belukar menurunkan laju peresapan air ke dalam tanah sehingga air larian makin besar. Padahal DAS hulu itu mempunyai curah hujan yang tinggi sehingga volume banjir kiriman meningkat.
Kini makin banyak orang yang condong mempercayai bahwa pemanasan global mungkin sekali telah mulai terjadi. Analisis data statistik suhu permukaan bumi menunjukkan, dalam 100 tahun terakhir ini suhu permukaan bumi telah naik dengan 0.5 derajat Celsius. Seperti telah banyak diuraikan di surat kabar, pemanasan global itu disebabkan oleh naiknya kadar gas rumah kaca (GRK) di dalam atmosfer. GRK yang utama ialah CO2, CFC dan metan. Pemantauan menunjukkan bahwa kadar gas-gas ini di atmosfer memang menunjukkan gejala untuk terus meningkat. Dampak pemanasan global ialah berubahnya iklim dan naiknya permukaan laut. Perubahan iklim berupa, antara lain, musim hujan dan kemarau yang tidak menentu, perubahan curah hujan dan meningkatnya intensitas badai. Akhir-akhir ini iklim nampaknya menjadi kacau. Gelombang panas melanda Amerika Serikat disusul oleh badai salju yang abnormal. Banjir besar mengamuk di Amerika Serikat, Cina dan tempat lain. Salah satu prakiraan perubahan iklim ialah akan naiknya curah hujan di daerah Asia Tenggara. Jika ini benar terjadi, kemungkinan terjadinya curah hujan yang besar di Jakarta dan DAS hulu akan meningkat sehingga banjir yang lebih besar tak dapat dielakkan lagi.
Kenaikan permukaan laut berarti letak Jakarta relatif terhadap permukaan laut akan turun sehingga bahaya banjir juga meningkat.

Jika benar telah terjadi pemanasan global, tak banyaklah yang dapat kita perbuat untuk menghentikan proses itu. Usaha internasional seperti tertera dalam Konvensi Perubahan Iklim yang dihasilkan dalam KTT Bumi di Rio-lah yang diperlukan untuk mengurangi laju pemanasan global.

URAIAN di atas menunjukkan, banjir di Jakarta merupakan masalah yang kompleks. Dari segi geografis Jakarta adalah rentan banjir. Jika pada suatu ketika terjadi kombinasi faktor air laut pasang, curah hujan lokal tinggi dan dibarengi curah hujan di DAS hulu yang tinggi juga, akan terjadilah banjir besar. Semua faktor menunjukkan dipercepat sehingga tekanan pembangunan terhadap Jakarta berkurang dan dengan demikian laju pertumbuhannya menurun. Pembangunan kota perdagangan, industri dan pasar modal, termasuk sistem perizinan, di luar Jakarta, seperti Surabaya, Medan dan Ujungpandang, lebih digalakkan sehingga orang tidak perlu ke Jakarta untuk mengembangkan bisnisnya. Bahkan bisnis di luar Jakarta harus lebih besar daripada di Jakarta.

Bukalah kesempatan selebar-lebarnya agar modal mencari tempat yang lebih menguntungkan daripada di Jakarta. Dengan berkurangnya tekan pembangunan terhadap Jakarta, perambahan jalur hijau, rawa dan situ tempat “parkir” air dan pembangunan di DAS hulu sungai-sungai akan dapat terkendali.

Di Amerika Serikat, ibu kota negara bagian bukanlah kota besar. Ibu kota negara bagian California, misalnya, bukanlah San Francisco atau Los Angeles, melainkan Sacramento, sebuah kota kecil di sebelah utara San Francisco. Karena itu tak apalah jika Jakarta menjadi lebih kecil daripada kota lain.

Alternatif lain ialah memindahkan Ibu Kota. Dengan ini pertumbuhan Jakarta diharapkan dapat dikurangi. Tentu bukan maksudnya untuk membunuh Jakarta melainkan untuk membuat pembangunan di Jakarta menjadi terkendali. Tetapi pemindahan Ibu Kota tanpa desentralisasi akan memindahkan masalah saja dan bukannya memecahkan masalah.

Alternatif-alternatif di atas ataupun alternatif lain mana pun yang akan diambil, akan terasa sakit. Tetapi jika tidak diambil tindakan yang tegas, Jakarta akan makin menderita. Hukum ekologi menunjukkan bahwa tak ada pertumbuhan eksponesial yang berkelanjutan.

My comment

                We do as citizens jakarta. Dont  blame another ,For example, a given IMB is in the conservation area of ​​West Java. The build of Jakarta. Both are guilty. We have been stuck in development is not environmentally friendly. Do not also make the National Committee for Flood Prevention. Later the money was gone for meetings, business travel, and committee fees. We all already know what we must do. Take it to work correctly or not.
                First, preventive measures to actually implement environmentally sound development IMB policy. We begin by obeying the rules of the game. For example, if the building, do it with the correct. Areas designated for conservation of water is not given IMB. Changes of green land, including parks, buildings and parking should be prohibited. Groundwater pumping in excess of or without the consent must be dealt with. DPR / DPRD must also be firm. Do not just think about politics. Take effective monitoring. Take the initiative to fix / make laws and local regulations to prevent and control floods. Simple things you can do is to keep everyone got and do not throw garbage in it. We all know this. But our discipline is very low.
                Second, the corrective action. Dredging of rivers and streams as well as normalization of reforestation is required. It is expensive and unfortunately the result is not satisfied.its cheap is making wells. All anyone can do it. Water running around can also be reduced by harvesting rain, the rainwater for everyday purposes. Government buildings, banks, hotels, and universities can do this by creating an underground concrete tank. Households can use a plastic drum. The cumulative impact of the harvest due to widespread rain will stop in Jakata reach hundreds of hectares. With the rainfall rate and HH above, yields per hectare reached 175 cubic meters / HH. Multiply this by several hundred hectares of roof area in Jakarta. This reduces flood water. After all, water harvesting will reduce water shortages can be supplied by PDAM. So, lucky twice.
                LSM  have also  need taken the initiative to demand class-action to the cause of flooding. For example, the local government demanded that gives undue IMB and the IMB building without. Either lost or won in court, the impact will be positive. People be afraid to environmentally friendly causes flooding.

Article 2

DAMPAK GLOBALISASI MEDIA TERHADAP MASYARAKAT DAN BUDAYA INDONESIA

Abstract

Media globalization do not know state boundarys. Indonesia is one of induced state emerged of American and Europe magazine Indonesian version and also inudating program display and record product without can be barricaded. How applying of press constitutions and broadcast constitutions referring to this problem? How government attitude? How its impact to Indonesian culture and society? Is there any solution can you offer?

PERAN MEDIA MASSA

Peran media massa dalam kehidupan sosial, terutama dalam masyarakat modern tidak ada yang menyangkal, menurut McQuail dalam bukunya Mass Communication Theories (2000 : 66), ada enam perspektif dalam hal melihat peran media.

Pertama, melihat media massa seabagai window on event and experience. Media dipandang sebagai jendela yang memungkinkan khalayak melihat apa yang sedang terjadi di luar sana. Atau media merupakan sarana belajar untuk mengetahui berbagai peristiwa.

Kedua, media juga sering dianggap sebagai a mirror of event in society and the world, implying a faithful reflection. Cermin berbagai peristiwa yang ada di masyarakat dan dunia, yang merefleksikan apa adanya. Karenanya para pengelola media sering merasa tidak “bersalah” jika isi media penuh dengan kekerasan, konflik, pornografi dan berbagai keburukan lain, karena memang menurut mereka faktanya demikian, media hanya sebagai refleksi fakta, terlepas dari suka atau tidak suka. Padahal sesungguhnya, angle, arah dan framing dari isi yang dianggap sebagai cermin realitas tersebut diputuskan oleh para profesional media, dan khalayak tidak sepenuhnya bebas untuk mengetahui apa yang mereka inginkan.

Ketiga, memandang media massa sebagai filter, atau gatekeeper yang menyeleksi berbagai hal untuk diberi perhatian atau tidak. Media senantiasa memilih issue, informasi atau bentuk content yang lain berdasar standar para pengelolanya. Di sini khalayak “dipilihkan” oleh media tentang apa-apa yang layak diketahui dan mendapat perhatian .

Keempat, media massa acapkali pula dipandang sebagai guide, penunjuk jalan atau interpreter, yang menerjemahkan dan menunjukkan arah atas berbagai ketidakpastian, atau alternative yang beragam.

Kelima, melihat media massa sebagai forum untuk mempresentasikan berbagai informasi dan ide-ide kepada khalayak, sehingga memungkin terjadinya tanggapan dan umpan balik.

Keenam, media massa sebagai interlocutor, yang tidak hanya sekadar tempat berlalu lalangnya informasi, tetapi juga partner komunikasi yang memungkinkan terjadinya komunikasi interaktif.

Pendeknya, semua itu ingin menunjukkkan, peran media dalam kehidupan social bukan sekedar sarana diversion, pelepas ketegangan atau hiburan, tetapi isi dan informasi yang disajikan, mempunyai peran yang signifikan dalam proses sosial. Isi media massa merupakan konsumsi otak bagi khalayaknya, sehingga apa yang ada di media massa akan mempengaruhi realitas subjektif pelaku interaksi sosial. Gambaran tentang realitas yang dibentuk oleh isi media massa inilah yang nantinya mendasari respon dan sikap khalayak terhadap berbagai objek sosial. Informasi yang salah dari media massa akan memunculkan gambaran yang salah pula terhadap objek sosial itu. Karenanya media massa dituntut menyampaikan informasi secara akurat dan berkualitas. Kualitas informasi inilah yang merupakan tuntutan etis dan moral penyajian media massa.

GLOBALISASI MEDIA

Bertolak dari besarnya peran media massa dalam mempengaruhi pemikiran khalayaknya, tentulah perkembangan media massa di Indonesia pada massa akan datang harus dipikirkan lagi. Apalagi menghadapi globalisasi media massa yang tak terelakan lagi.

Globalisasi media massa merupakan proses yang secara nature terjadi, sebagaimana jatuhnya sinar matahari, sebagaimana jatuhnya hujan atau meteor. Pendekatan profesional menjadi kata kunci, masalah dasarnya mudah diterka. Pada titik-titik tertentu, terjadi benturan antar budaya dari luar negeri yang tak dikenal oleh bangsa Indonesia. Jadi kekhawatiran besar terasakan benar adanya ancaman, serbuan, penaklukan, pelunturan karena nilai-nilai luhur dalam paham kebangsaan.

Imbasnya adalah munculnya majalah-majalah Amerika dan Eropa versi Indonesia seperti : Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Spice, FHM (For Him Magazine), Good Housekeeping, Trax dan sebagainya. Begitu pula membajirnya program-program tayangan dan produk rekaman tanpa dapat dibendung.

Lantas bagaimana bagi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia menyikapi fenomena transformasi media terhadap perilaku masyarakat dan budaya? Bukankah globalisasi media dengan segala nilai yang dibawanya seperti lewat televisi, radio, majalah, Koran, buku, film, vcd dan kini lewat internet sedikit banyak akan berdampak pada kehidupan masyarakat?

Saat ini masyarakat Indonesia sedang mengalamai serbuan yang hebat dari berbagai produk pornografi berupa tabloid, majalah, buku bacaan di media cetak, televisi, radio dan terutama adalah peredaran bebas VCD. Baik yang datang dari luar negeri maupun yang diproduksi sendiri. Walaupun media pornografis bukan barang baru bagi Indonesia, namun tidak pernah dalam skala seluas sekarang. Bahkan beberapa orang asing menganggap Indonesia sebagai “surga pornografi” karena sangat mudahnya mendapatkan produk-produk pornografi dan harganya pun murah.

Kebebasan pers yang muncul pada awal reformasi ternyata dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian masyarakat yang tidak bertanggungjawab, untuk menerbitkan produk-produk pornografi. Mereka menganggap pers mempunyai kemerdekaan yang dijamin sebagai hak asasi warga Negara dan tidak dikenakan penyensoran serta pembredelan. Padahal dalam Undang-Undang Pers No. 40 tahun 1999 itu sendiri, mencantumkan bahwa pers berkewajiban memberitakan peristiwa dan opini dengan menghormati norma-norma agama dan rasa kesusilaan masyarakat (pasal 5 ayat 1).

Dalam media audio-visualpun, ada Undang-undang yang secara spesifik mengatur pornografi, yaitu Undang-undang Perfilman dan Undang-undang Penyiaran. Dalam UU Perfilman 1992 pasal 33 dinyatakan bahwa setiap film dan reklame film yang akan diedarkan atau dipertunjukkkan di Indonesia, wajib sensor terlebih dahulu. Pasal 19 dari UU ini menyebutkan bahwa LSF (Lembaga Sensor Film) harus menolak sebuah film yang menonjolkan adegan seks lebih dari 50 % jam tayang. Dalam UU Penyiaran pasal 36 dinyatakan bahwa isi siaran televisi dan radio dilarang menonjolkan unsur cabul (ayat 5) dan dilarang merendahkan, melecehkan dan/atau mengabaikan nilai-nilai agama dan martabat manusia Indonesia (ayat 6).

Globalisasi pada hakikatnya ternyata telah membawa nuansa budaya dan nilai yang mempengaruhi selera dan gaya hidup masyarakat. Melalui media yang kian terbuka dan terjangkau, masyarakat menerima berbagai informasi tentang peradaban baru yang datang dari seluruh penjuru dunia. Padahal, kita menyadari belum semua warga negara mampu menilai sampai dimana kita sebagai bangsa berada. Begitulah, misalnya, banjir informasi dan budaya baru yang dibawa media tak jarang teramat asing dari sikap hidup dan norma yang berlaku. Terutama masalah pornografi, dimana sekarang wanita-wanita Indonesia sangat terpengaruh oleh trend mode dari Amerika dan Eropa yang dalam berbusana cenderung minim, kemudian ditiru habis-habisan. Sehingga kalau kita berjalan-jalan di mal atau tempat publik sangat mudah menemui wanita Indonesia yang berpakaian serba minim mengumbar aurat. Di mana budaya itu sangat bertentangan dengan norma yang ada di Indonesia. Belum lagi maraknya kehidupan free sex di kalangan remaja masa kini. Terbukti dengan adanya video porno yang pemerannya adalah orang-orang Indonesia.

Di sini pemerintah dituntut untuk bersikap aktif tidak masa bodoh melihat perkembangan kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Menghimbau dan kalau perlu melarang berbagai sepak terjang masyarakt yang berperilaku tidak semestinya.

Misalnya ketika Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudoyono, menyarankan agar televisi tidak menayangkan goyang erotis dengan puser atau perut kelihatan. Ternyata dampaknya cukup terasa, banyak televisi yang akhirnya tidak menayangkan para artis yang berpakaian minim.

Melalui media massa pun, kita dapat membangun opini publik, karena media mempunyai kekuatan mengkonstruksi masyarakat. Misalnya melalui pemberitaan tentang dampak negatif pornografi, komentar para ahli dan tokok-tokoh masyarakat yang anti pornografi atau anti media pornografi serta tulisan-tulisan, gambar dan surat pembaca yang berisikan realitas yang dihadapi masyarakat dengan maraknya pornografi, maka media dapat dengan cepat mengkonstrusikan masyarakat secara luas karena jangkauannya yang jauh.

Dalam masyarakat terutama di daerah pedesaan, dikenal adanya opinion leader atau pemuka pendapat. Mereka memiliki kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi orang lain untuk bertindak laku dalam cara-cara tertentu. Menurut Rogers (1983), pemuka pendapat memainkan peranan penting dalam penyebaran informasi. Melalui hubungan sosial yang intim, para pemuka pendapat berperan menyampaikan pesanpesan, ide-ide dan informasi-informasi baru kepada masyarakat. Melalui pemuka pendapat seperti tokoh agama, sesepuh desa, kepala desa, pesan-pesan tentang bahaya media pornografi dapat disampaikan.

Tapi yang lebih penting lagi adalah ketegasan pemerintah dalam menerapkan hukum baik Undang-Undang Pers, Undang-undang Perfilman dan Undang-Undang Penyiaran secara tegas dan konsiten di samping tentu saja partisipasi dari masyarakat untuk bersam-sama mencegah dampak buruk dari globalisasi media yang kalau dibiarkan bisa menghancurkan negeri ini.

My comment

Indonesia is now pop up in media institutions are hard to watch the press in response to the growing proliferation of publications that can be called "yellow press", "Massen Preese" and "Geschaft Presse".

Through the mass media too, we can build public opinion, because the media has the power to construct the community. For example, through the preaching about the negative effects of pornography, the comments of the experts and community leaders who tokok anti-pornography or anti-pornography and media writings, drawings and letters containing the realities faced by people with rampant pornography, the media can quickly spurred community due to a much broader scope.

In the community, especially in rural areas, known as the opinion leaders or opinion leaders. They have the ability to influence others to act behavior in certain ways. According to Rogers (1983), opinion leaders play an important role in the dissemination of information. Through the intimate social relationships, the role opinion leaders expressed pesanpesan, ideas and new information to the public. Through opinion leaders such as religious leaders, village elders, village heads, the messages about the dangers of pornography media can be delivered.

But more important is the government's firmness in applying the law of both the Press Law, the Law on Film and Broadcasting Act explicitly and konsiten in addition of course the participation of the community to bersam both prevent the adverse effects of media globalization that if left can destroy this country.

Article 3

Masalah itu Tantangan tuk Maju

Tetaplah bergerak maju, sekalipun lambat. Karena dalam, keadaan tetap bergerak, anda menciptakan kemajuan. Adalah jauh lebih baik bergerak maju, sekalipun pelan, daripada tidak bergerak sama sekali.

MASALAH adalah TANTANGAN tuk Maju

Bila anda menganggap masalah sebagai beban, anda mungkin akan menghindarinya. Bila anda menganggap masalah sebagai tantangan, anda mungkin akan menghadapinya. Namun, masalah dalah hadiah yang dapat anda terima dengan suka cita. Dengan pandangan tajam, anda melihat keberhasilan dibalik setiap masalah.

Masalah adalah anak tangga menuju kekuatan yang lebih tinggi. Maka, hadapilah dan ubahlah menjadi kekuatan untuk sukses anda. Tanpa masalah, anda tak layak memasuki jalur keberhasilan. Bahkan hidup ini pun masalah, karena itu terimalah sebagai hadiah.

Hadiah terbesar yang dapat diberikan oleh induk elang pada anak-anaknya bukanlah serpihan-serpihan makanan pagi. Bukan pula, eraman hangat di malam-malam yang dingin. Namun, ketika mereka melempar anak-anak itu dari tebing yang tinggi. Detik pertama anak-anak elang itu menganggap induk mereka sungguh keterlaluan, menjerit ketakutan, matilah aku! Sesaat kemudian, bukan kematian yang kita terima, namun kesejatian diri sebagai elang, yaitu terbang. Bila anda tak berani mengatasi masalah, anda tak akan menjadi seseorang yang sejati.

Mutiara Kata :

Keberhasilan tidak diukur dengan apa yang telah anda raih, namun kegagalan yang telah anda hadapi, dan keberanian yang membuat anda tetap berjuang melawan rintangan yang bertubi-tubi.

Apa yang anda raih sekarang adalah hasil dari usaha-usaha kecil yang anda lakukan terus menerus. Keberhasilan bukan sesuatu yang turun begitu saja. Bila anda yakin pada tujuan dan jalan anda, maka anda harus memiliki ketekunan untuk berusaha. Ketekunan adalah kemampuan anda untuk bertahan di tengah tekanan yang dan kesulitan. Jangan hanya berhenti pada langkah pertama!

Yang memisahkan perahu dengan pantai harapan adalah topan badai, gelombang dan batu karang. Yang memisahkan anda dengan keberhasilan adalah msalah yang menantang. Disitulah tanda kesejatian teruji. Hakikatnya perahu adalah berlayar menembus segala rintangan. Hakikat diri anda adalah berkarya menemukan kebahagiaan.

Jangan terkecoh dengan keberhasilan seseorang. Di balik kejayaan selalu ada jalan panjang yang berisikan catatan perjauangan dan pengorbanan. Keringat dan kepayahan. Tak ada jalan pintas untuk sebuah kesuksesan. Bila anda terpesona pada kenyamanan yang diberikan oleh kesuksesan, anda bisa lupa dari keharusan untuk berupaya. Namun bila anda terkagum pada ketegaran seseoarang dalam berusaha, anda akan menyerap energi kekuatan, keberanian dan kesabaran. Tak ada harga diskon untuk sebuah keberhasilan. Ada harga yang harus dibayar untuk meraih keberhasilan itu. Berusahalah terus!

Mulailah dengan hal kecil, dan jangan berhenti. Bertumbuhlah, belajarlah, dan kembangkan pencapaian anda. Sukses bukan dicapai oleh orang yang memulai dengan hal yang besar, tetapi oleh orang yang memelihara momentumnya dalam waktu yang cukup panjang, hingga pekerjaannya menjadi karya besar.

Apapun yang anda lakukan, lakukanlah dengan kebaikan hati. Keberhasilan bukan semata-mata karena kekuatan otot dan ketajaman pikiran. Anda perlu bertindak dengan kelembutan hati. Sukses tidak selalu dibangun di atas upaya sendiri. Di balik semua pencapaian terselip pengorbanan orang lain. Hanya bila anda melakukannya dengan kebaikan hati, siapapun rela berkorban untuk keberhasilan anda.

Seorang bijak berujar. “Bila busur anda patah dan anak panah penghabisan telah dilontarkan, tetaplah membidik. Bidiklah dengan seluruh hatimu.” Semua tindakan anda bagaikan bumerang yang akan kembali pada anda. Bila anda melempar dengan baik, ia akan kembali dalam tangkapan anda. Namun, bila anda ceroboh melemparkannya, ia akan datang untuk melukai anda. Renungkan bagaimana tindakan anda sekarang ini. Lakukan segala semuanya dengan tulus dan penuh kasih sayang. Tiada yang lebih manis daripada memetik buah atas kebaikan yang anda lakukan.

My comment

I think in life we cannot escape the problem. that issue as a lesson for our lives to be more mature, if no lessons we will not learn, if no process then we will not be formed more adult, terjadang way God firmly in educating our mendewasakan us.Keep moving forward, even if it is slow because it's in a State of remained immobile, you create progress is far better move forward, albeit slowly, rather than not moving at all. Whatever you do, do it with kindness. Success is not solely due to muscle strength and sharpness of mind. You need to act with the tenderness of the liver. Success is not always built on its own efforts. Behind all the achievement of other people's sacrifices. tucked Only when you do it with kindness, anyone will to sacrifice for your success.

Article 4

Menjadi Sarjana

Hingga saat ini menjadi sarjana mungkin masih manjadi dambaan dan harapan bagi sebagian besar orang, tentu dengan alasan  dan motif yang  beragam, mulai dari motif yang bersifat naif-pragmatis hingga motif altruistik-idealis. Dalam hal ini, motif naif-pragmatis bisa dimaknai sebagai dorongan yang lebih tertuju kepada kepentingan pribadi, misalnya untuk menjadi kaya-raya, atau mendapat kedudukan dalam jabatan, melalui upaya dan tindakan yang menghalalkan segala cara. Sementara motif altruistik-idealis dapat dipahami sebagai motif yang didasari untuk melayani dan memberikan manfaat bagi orang lain, melalui upaya belajar keras dan penuh kesungguhan.

Sarjana adalah gelar akademik yang diberikan kepada lulusan program pendidikan sarjana (S-1).  Untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana, secara normatif dibutuhkan waktu perkuliahan selama  4-6 tahun atau telah menempuh perkuliahan dengan jumlah SKS sebanyak 140-160. Jika seseorang sudah dinyatakan lulus oleh sebuah perguruan tinggi, maka dia berhak menyandang gelar sarjana.

Hingga era akhir  70-an,  keberadaan sarjana boleh dikatakan tergolong makhluk langka di bumi Indonesia, mungkin karena pada waktu itu jumlah perguruan tinggi (negeri maupun swasta) di Indonesia masih  relatif terbatas. Namun seiring dengan semakin diperluasnya jumlah program studi dan terus berkembangnya jumlah perguruan tinggi hingga ke pelosok-pelosok daerah, maka jumlah sarjana Indonesia pun semakin bertebaran, dengan bidang keahlian yang beragam.

Sebelum tahun 1993,  sebutan gelar sarjana di Indonesia masih bisa dihitung dengan jari, sebut saja misalnya: Drs., Dra, Ir., atau SH. Namun sejak  tahun 1993 (Keputusan Mendikbud No. 036/U/1993),  ketentuan  sebutan gelar akademik  menjadi lebih beragam,  disesuaikan dengan bidang keahlian masing-masing, (saat ini jumlahnya hingga mencapai puluhan, saya pun tak kuasa  untuk mengingatnya satu per satu).

Belakangan ini sedang berkembang  polemik terkait dengan adanya Surat Edaran dari Dirjen Dikti No. 152/E/T/2012  tentang kewajiban publikasi ilmiah dalam Jurnal sebagai syarat untuk lulus menjadi sarjana. “Seorang sarjana harus memiliki kemampuan menulis secara ilmiah, termasuk menguasai tata cara penulisan ilmiah yang baik”, demikian ungkap Dirjen Dikti Kemdikbud, Djoko Santoso,  ketika diwawancarai oleh  Kompas.com. Walau secara teknis, mungkin akan timbul berbagai persoalan dalam mengimplementasikannya, tetapi secara pribadi pada dasarnya saya setuju dengan adanya ketentuan ini, dengan harapan semoga dapat memperbaiki mutu  sarjana kita, khususnya dalam mengembangkan budaya intelektual, yang belakangan ini tampaknya cenderung memudar.

Perkembangan terbaru, berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden No. 8 tahun 2012 tentang  Kerangka Kualifikasi  Nasional Indonesia, sarjana (S1) dikategorikan sebagai  jabatan teknisi atau analis (bukan dikategorikan sebagai ahli)  yang berada pada  level (jenjang) 6 (enam), dengan gambaran kualifikasi, sebagai berikut:

• Mampu mengaplikasikan bidang keahliannya dan memanfaatkan IPTEKS pada bidangnya dalam penyelesaian masalah serta mampu beradaptasi terhadap situasi yang dihadapi.
• Menguasai konsep teoritis bidang pengetahuan tertentu secara umum dan konsep teoritis bagian khusus dalam bidang pengetahuan tersebut secara mendalam, serta mampu memformulasikan penyelesaian masalah prosedural.
• Mampu mengambil keputusan yang tepat berdasarkan analisis informasi dan data, dan mampu memberikan petunjuk dalam memilih berbagai alternatif solusi secara mandiri dan kelompok.
• Bertanggung jawab pada pekerjaan sendiri dan dapat diberi tanggung jawab atas pencapaian hasil kerja organisasi.

Memperhatikan ketentuan tentang  Kerangka Kualifikasi  Nasional Indonesia (KKNI) tesebut, tampak bahwa seorang  sarjana sesungguhnya memiliki posisi yang relatif tinggi dalam struktur masyarakat Indonesia,  dilihat dari kapasitas keilmuan dan kompetensi yang dimilikinya.

Dengan demikian kiranya cukup terang, sesungguhnya  sarjana bukanlah orang sembarangan dan bukan sembarangan orang. Kepadanya dituntut untuk tersedia kapasitas kognitif tingkat tinggi serta memiliki tanggung jawab yang tidak hanya pada dirinya dan lingkungan dimana dia berada, tetapi juga memikul tanggung jawab yang hakiki yaitu kepada Sang Khalik

My Comment

If  I according academician degree holder categorized as Office engineer or analyst (not categorised as an expert) that is on a level (level) 6 (six), with the description of the above qualifications is good but it's best to get a college degree required could create jobs itself and others at least 5 people. So there are no unemployed Scholars, even no more scholars who are seeking work but gave his graduate course work if looking for work how to graduates of elementary, junior high, high school, etc. And scholars to be immoral, so if has already become an important person such as officials, members of Parliament etc, if proven guilty in court should be dethroned. So the responsibility heavier and not origin so any scholar. In point of fack, scholars are not indiscriminate and is not a vain person. Him sued for a high degree of cognitive capacity available as well as have a responsibility not only to himself and the environment in which he is located, but also carry on the shoulders the essential, namely to the God.

Article 5

Pakaian Wanita yang Harus Dihindari Saat Bekerja

Pakaian Wanita - Banyak wanita karier tak menyadari kesalahan mereka dalam berbusana saat pergi ke kantor untuk bekerja. Meskipun tampak sepele, salah mengenakan Pakaian Wanita dapat membuat kita terlupakan atau batal mendapat promosi jabatan.

Berikut beberapa pakaian yang harus dihindari untuk dipakai saat bekerja:

1. Atasan yang terlalu terbuka.
Mengenakan busana yang terlalu terbuka atau terlalu seksi adalah kesalahan paling fatal dalam daftar ini. Pasalnya, penelitian menunjukkan wanita yang berpakaian terlalu seksi dalam lingkungan profesional biasanya lebih sering dilupakan untuk promosi jabatan. Jika ingin maju, lupakan atasan yang terlalu terbuka.

2. Rok yang terlalu mini.
Mengenakan rok yang terlalu pendek mengesankan Anda sedang berusaha menutupi kekurangan di bidang lain. Ahli etika Barbara Pachter mengatakan bahwa lutut adalah bagian yang sangat visual. Perhatian orang lain akan lebih mudah terfokus pada lutut dibandingkan dengan wajah Anda. Simpan rok mini Anda untuk acara lainnya dan kenakan rok nyaman yang tak terlalu memperlihatkan paha saat bekerja.

3. Pakaian tembus pandang.
Bahan yang cocok dikenakan saat musim panas seperti organza memang terlihat keren dan cantik. Tapi di bawah cahaya lampu ruang rapat, bahan tersebut akan dengan jelas memperlihatkan bentuk kaki dan anggota tubuh yang lainnya. Solusi terbaik adalah dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan transparan tersebut sebagai kamisol untuk atasan. Jika jenisnya rok, lapisi dengan legging.

4. Aksesori yang terlalu berlebihan.
Di lokasi kerja, sedikit aksesori lebih baik. Perhiasan yang dipakai terlalu berlebihan justru terkesan mencolok dan murahan. Tapi jika tetap ingin mengenakan kalung yang sedikit “ramai”, pilihlah anting-anting yang sederhana sebagai pasangannya.

5. Baju bertema pantai.
Contohnya adalah baju bercorak ramai dan cerah, menggunakan tali-temali “spageti”, dan sandal jepit. Tak ada yang lebih membuat Anda terlihat tidak profesional selain datang ke kantor dengan pakaian seperti itu. Mengenakan penutup seperti pashmina, blazer atau cardigan sederhana akan membuat penampilan terlihat lebih profesional. Sebaiknya pakaian bertema pantai dihindari sama sekali.

6. Pakaian terlalu longgar atau sempit
Pakaian klasik bisa berubah menjadi buruk bila terlalu longgar atau terlalu ketat. Pachter menyarankan untuk membeli pakaian yang bisa dirombak di toko. Jika pakaian yang ada di lemari tak cocok karena berat badan Anda bertambah atau berkurang, carilah tukang jahit terdekat. Kemudian sesuaikan pakaian itu dengan ukuran badan Anda saat ini. Pakaian yang pas bisa mengubah Anda dari yang terlihat tak rapi menjadi berkelas.

7. Memperlihatkan pakaian dalam.
Meskipun pakaian dalam Anda berbahan bagus dan mahal, tak ada alasan untuk memamerkannya saat sedang bekerja. Banyak toko-toko, termasuk Victoria’s Secret, yang memiliki staf terlatih untuk mengukur tubuh Anda dan membantu mencarikan pakaian yang sesuai.

My comment

I think in this era many people / career women do not realize their mistake in a dress when going to the office to work. Although it seems trivial, one woman wearing clothes can make us forget or get promoted canceled. This is because the influx of foreign culture into Indonesia, and Indonesian communities have not been able to sort or select a positive or negative cultures, many of which opinion after following the trend from the outside looks cool or follow fashion, we as Indonesia women be able to maintain our culture who wear clothing that polite, with attention to things that are not appropriate such as: boss is too open, too mini skirts, see-through clothing, accessories that are too excessive, beach-themed clothing, clothes are too loose or tight, revealing underwear.
smart in the selection of culture from the outside.

Tugas Reading TOEFL

Nama         : Amelia Agnehs

NPM           : 26209387

Kelas          : 3EB06

As the oldest university in the english  speaking world. Oxford is a unique and historic institution. There is no clear date of  founddation , but teaching existed at oxford in some from in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when henry is banned english students from  attending from university of paris.

In 1188, the historian , gerald of wales, gave a public reading  to the assemblyed oxford dons and in 1190 the arrival of emo of friestand, the first known overseas student, set in motion  the university’s tradition of international links. By 1201, the university  was headed by a magister scolarum oxonie, on whom the tittle of chanceillor was con ferred 1214, and in 1231 the masters were recognized as a universitas or corporation.

In the 13th century,rioting between town and gown (townpeople and students) hastened the establishment of primitive halls of residence. These were succeded by the first of oxford’s colleges, which began  as medieval halls of residence or endowed houses under the supervision of a master. University, battiol and marton colleges, which were established between 1249 and 1264, are the oldest.

Less than a century later,oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning, and won praises of popes,kings and sages by virtue of its invaluable contribution and privileges in 1355, Edward paid tribute to the university for its invaluable contribution to learning . he also commented on the services rendened to the state by distinguished oxford graduates.

1.  The main idea of the passage is:
a. The oldest university in the world
b. The history of oxford university
c. The most repidly – developed university
d. An alternative to the university of paris

2. The passage indicates that oxford is
a.  The oldest university in the world
b. The oldest university in the english- speaking countries
c. The oldest university  in europe
d. The best university in the world

3. it can be inferred that oxford university was estabilished
a. In 1096 and quickly developed from 1167
b. Latter than the university of paris
c. Long before any other European universities
d. In 1188 when gerald of wales gave a public reading to the assembled oxford dons

4. the word “ conferred” in line  is similar in meaning to
a. begun
b. Resumed
c. Taken
d.awerded

5. The word “hastened” in line 10 closest in meaning to
a. Accelerated
b. Fastened
c. Increased
d. Hampered

6. The pronoun “ these” in line 111 refers to
a. Townspeople
b. Students
c. Primitive halls
d. Colleges

7. Which is NOT mentioned abaut oxford University?
a. It poses a historic university in england
b. Admittance for overseas students began in 1190
c. An incident speeded up the establishment of primitive halls of residence
d. Oxford university was estabilished with the permission from oxford dons.

8. The word “ succeeded” in line 11 can be replaced by
a. Managed
b.followed
c.replaced
d.taken into

9. The passage implies that
a. Oxford university admitted overseas puplis since its establisment
b. Oxford university went through a gradual process to become a modern an fully-developed university
c. Popes,kings,and sages were involoved in the foundation of oxford university
d. In the early 21st century ,oxford added humanistic major

10. the pharase “by virtue of” in line 16 can be replaced by
a. For
b. On behalf of
c. By the truth of
d. after 

          

TOEFL STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE

1. Young deer _________.
A. are called fawns.
b. be fawns.
c. is fawns.
d. are fawns called

2. If it _________ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside.
a. was.
B. was not.
c. weren’t.
d. had not

3. The Eiffel Tower ___________ Paris, France.
a. land marks.
b. is land marked in.
C. is a landmark in.
d. is in a landmark

4. The Treasury Department…………….
A. is take a new look at regulations
b. limiting the number of interest that bank
c. savings, and loan associations
d. can pay on deposits.

5. The repair shop…..
A. keep my cassette player for six weeks before.
b. returning it,
c. nevertheless,
d. it still does not work properly.

6. The observation deck at the Sears Tower_________ in Chicago.
a. is highest than any other one.
b. is highest than any other one
C. is higher than any other one.
d. is higher that any other one

7. Not until a dog is several months old does it begin to exhibit signs of independence ___________.
a. it s mother from.
b. from mother.
c. to mother.
D. from it’s mother

8. To score a goal in soccer you ________.
A. must kick the ball.
b. must kicks the ball.
c. may kick them ball.
d. must kick them balls

9. At the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco, Gerald ine Ferraro became the first woman________ for the vice presidency.
a. to being nominated.
b. to has been nominated
C. to have been nominated.
d. to will be nominated

10. Pearl Buck,___
a. a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
b. for Literature in 1938.
c. strove to bring understanding and peace.
D. on everyone.

11. In most circumstances…….
a. the person that owns the property.
b. can claim the rights.
C. as money made.
d. from drilling oil on their property.

12. _______ chocolate will give you a tum my ache.
a. Eat too much.
b. Eating to much.
C. Eating too much.
d. Eating too many

13. If she _________ to advance her clock one hour, she wouldn’t have been late for work.
a. should have remembered.
b. could remembered.
c. remembered.
D. would have remembered.

14. A dream about falling _________.
a. scary is.
B. is scary.
c. are scary.
d. very scar y is

15. George Washington _________first U.S. President.
A. was the.
b. became.
c. were the.
d. are the

16. Amelia Earhart was ____to pilot her plane across the Atlantic Ocean.
a. the first and a woman.
b. the first woman.
C. who the first woman.
d. the woman who first

17. It_________
a. was obvious from his response in the press conference.
b. that the candidate.
C. prepare his answers.
d. well.

18. _______ a tree can be grown from a seedling.
a. That is generally believed.
b. Believed generally is
c. Generally believed it is
D. It is generally believed that

19. The White Rose Bridge,
A. which close today, for
b. resurfacing will not be.
c. open for
d.two months.

20. The poverty level in the United State is currently set___________.
a. at 12,000 dollars or less.
b. as 12,000 dollars or less.
C. at 12,000 dollars as less.
d. at 12,000 dollar or less.

21. civil rights are the freedoms and rights.............as a member of a community,state or nation.
a. May have a person
b. A person may have
c. May have a person who
d. And a person may have

22 . The dawn redwood appears............some 100 million yers ago in northem forests arround the world.
a. To have flourished
b. Was flourished
c. Having to flourish
d. Have flourished

23. Richad wright enjoyed success and influence..............among black american writers of his era.
a. Were unparalleled
b. Are unparalleled
c. Unparalleled
d. The unparalleled

24. The first exploree................california bu land was jadediah strong smith,a trapper who crossed the south western deserts of the united statues in 1826
a. That the reached
b. Reached
c. To reach
d. Reaching it makes

25. with age ,the mineral content of human decreases............ them more fragile
a. Make
b.thereby making
c. And to make
d. Which it makes

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 ..

TOEFL

Listening COMPREHENSION LISTENING Strategy a matter Listening Comprehension consists of three parts:
(1) Short Conversations consisting of 30 grains of matter;
(2) the Longer Conversations 8 grains of matter;
(3) consists of 12 rounds of Talks about.


1 Short Dialogue (Short Conversation) 60%
2 Long Dialogue (Longer Conversation) 16%
3 Talks 24%
Total 100%

Short Dialogues to test the ability of participants to listen to the conversations around the test of everyday life, both in the context of academic and non academic. Therefore the atmosphere of the conversation in the test can be formal or not formal. Academic activities and expressions became important because idiomatis factors is believed will help participants make the understanding in listening to problems such as TOEFL Listening test.

A. SHORT DIALOGUE (SHORT CONVERSATION)
Though short conversation contains only short conversations, the participants are not skillful listening language conversation text United Kingdom is expected to have difficulty dealing with this section. This is because the section amounted to 30 grains of matter or 60% of the entire matter of listening to this there are many traps, both in terms of the sound of the word is a word meaning mapun outwit the often times unpredictable.
Important for the test-taker to prepare candidates for this section as well as possible,How should ' trap ' in the matter; and parafrasa as a solution working on this section.

1. importance of the Content of Word in the process of "listening"
when the prospective participant is still having trouble understanding the test dialog language United Kingdom, he doesn't have to worry too much. Potential participants are having trouble understanding the test of oral texts should be aware that in order to be able to capture the message conveyed verbally, he doesn't have to capture and remember all the words conveyed the speaker (speaker). In reality the language, to understand the spoken language, someone just needs to catch the key words that support the core idea of the sentence. For example, when A says: ' My grandmother is in the kitchen ', then B, as anyone who listens to that information does not have to remember the 6 spoken word a. If B does not hear the word is, so she just heard My grandmother--in the kitchen, he could still predict the meaning of that sentence. Similarly when B is not heard the word in, he still could have predicted what is a. Even though if B is not heard three words, which is in the, so he only heard ' My grandmother------kitchen ' he still can also estimate the meaning of that sentence. But if B does not hear the word kitchen, so that their ears just ' My grand mother is in the--' he will have difficulty understanding the information presented a. especially if B not being able to hear the word grandmother and kitchen, so he only heard ' my-----is in the--' sure B will have difficulty understanding the sentence a. key words such as ' grandmother ' and ' kitchen ' in the above example is called ' content ' wordWhile words like is, in, the so-called ' function ' word. Content words are words in a sentence When it is pronounced (pronounced) would always pressure gets stronger than function words. Function words only served as a language device or tool of language functions complement the content words in the sentence. Words that are included in the key word is ' the verb ', ' noun ', ' adjective ', and ' adverb '. To identify key words within the text of the oral test, participants need to heed his words louder than other words. Practice listening to the words that are harder than the pressure the other will help prospective participants catch the key words in the sentences are delivered orally.

In the Listening Comprehension test TOEFL ability to estimate keywords before listening to the questions and the ability to recognize these words at the time the text is to be, it is very important. How to recognize key words before the problem is with a sound alert as soon as possible to see the content of word that is dominant in the options response. Example: Before listening to the dialog, note the alternative answers as follows: (A) He always watches television from 1: 00 to 2: 00 pm (B) he'll watch in one hour or two (C) He just got television this week (D) He doesn't see many programs.

Content words are dominant in the example above is he--watch/see--television.
Certain dialogue will make a series of key words These. Until this stage, a participant test was successfully narrow the ' space tembak'nya. The next step he should soon be ready to listen to other keywords that connects two words, which will be played in the matter.
.
Woman: How often do you watch television?
Man: Only an hour or two a week Question: What does the man mean?

After participants guessing probability is emerging, which is about watch-television, and then, unable to catch the key words in the dialogue, i.e. how often (how often) and an hour or two a week (only one – two hours a week or very rarely), a participant will certainly test easily select an answer.


2. Should A ' Trap ' problem in Short Conversations.

Therefore, the words that appear in a matter of Listening Comprehension is not written in the book test, a participant must have the ability to anticipate the sound and meanings of the word in question in the context of the problem. Often, issues of noise words used to trap the test-taker. Participants who do not have the ability to distinguish speech a Word with other selected words will be easily fooled by trap problem this model. The traps of such possibility only appears in a matter of listening section A (matter of numbers 1-30). Note the following examples: the voice Narrator: Let me know whether Bill is coming.
(A) the Bill's coming because the weather is good
(B) I have no idea when the Bill is coming
(C) Several bills have come in the mail recently
(D) Please tell me if the Bill will come.

When noted, will be obtained the following data:
(1) Words which reads whether dikecohkan with A choice on the weather;
(2) Words which reads know dikecohkan with no option B;
(3) Words that read the Bill, the name of the person, dikecohkan with bills (accounts) in c.

Thus it can be concluded that the option A, B, and C is not an option that is approaching the problem sentence. The third sentence referred to above question to trap maker test participants with sound-a sound that is similar – similar but much of its meaning. Section D (Please tell me if the Bill will come) has a meaning closest to the phrase the question, because Let me know = tell me and whether = if. Let me know whether Bill is coming = Tell me if Bill will come. Here's an example of entrapment in matter of listening comprehension that require accuracy in listening.

On occasion, the traps are made with a specific word in the sentence mengecohkan problem in other words ' meanings of lepas'nya is similar to the word in question. In order to escape from the trap of a matter, the test-taker should be able to see the meaning of the context of the question words. Consider the following example:

He trained hard for the sports meet.
(A) Playing sports is hard for him
(B) The train was headed for the sports meet
(C) He wanted to meet the sports trainer
(D) He prepared well for the sports event

Of hard Words (option A), train (option B), and meet (option C) is a word meaning “lepa”'nya with these words in a sentence matter. However participants should be careful that these new words will clear and definite maknya if it has been entered in the context.

(1) the word hard in the context of a matter that is hard or seriously, while hard on the choice of A word that is difficult.
(2) the word train in the context of a matter that is practicing or prepare, while in option B meaning train.
(3) the word meet in the context of a matter that is the event or competition, while in option C does meet.

Conclusion: the words hard, train and meet in the options response is not the same meaning with words hard, train and meet at the sentence about. So the options A, B, and C must be shunned because it does not fit the context of the sentence is about.

Option D is the option most appropriate because all the words/phrases represent the meaning of the sentence in question.
He trained hard = He prepared well For the sports meet = for the sports event.
See the similarity of meaning, we should select the Answer d. clear that ' sameness of meaning ' is the starting point to be used by the participants in the select answer.


3. Know Building a dialogue
in conversations short (short dialogue) there are only four possible building dialogue.
(1) Question responded with a Statement
(2) Statement responded with the Question
(3) Statement responded with a Statement
(4) Question responded to the Question

examples:
1. A: All the buses were on strike this morning. How did you come here, Jordy? (Q)
B: My neighbor gave me a dink. How lucky I was. (S)

2.A: I guess he was upset with his current position in his office. (S)
B: What made him so upset? Shouldn't he be glad with his promotion? (Q)
3.A: He will never know why his girl friend had the heart to leave him in such a situation. (S)
B: Neither will all his friends. (S)

4. A: Do you like the girl talking to your sister? (Q)
B: Uhm, what about you, pal? (Q)

having regard to the buildings dialog above, the prospective participants of the TOEFL test can be anticipate the questions with a close dialogue, direction, whether the alert dialog is a dialog with the pattern (1) Q-S, (2) S-Q, (3) S-S, or (4) the Q-Q. Skills needed to overcome problems such as this is to recognize whether a sentence is a Question or Statement. In write, identify the Question or Statement is not difficult. A sentence that ends with a trailing period (.) is surely the sentence is a Statement; If it ends with a question mark (?) of the sentence is a Question. In those limits, Listening does not apply. Test-taker must be able to recognize the intonation or song phrase that didengarkannya. Flat intonation can be certainly a Statement, while rising intonation in General represent a Question.


4. Steps to anticipate the direction of the Dialogue

In the TOEFL test ability to recognize Question, Statement, and buildings for dialogue are an important asset for the test-taker can understand each question carefully. Study the dialogue-dialogue carefully so that you can catch the meaning of dialogue.

Examples:

1. Man: Do you think Janet will spend a week in the country with us? (Q) Woman: Only if she can tear herself away from her book! (S) Narrator: What does the woman mean?

2. Man: Everybody said this astronomy course would be so easy. (S) Woman: But it hasn't quite worked out that way, has it? (Q) Narrator: What does the woman think about the course?

3. Man: Getting an appointment with Dr. Waterman is not easy. (S) Woman: I'll say. (S) Narrator: What does the woman mean?

4. Woman: Where can I have made copies of my application? (Q) Man: Isn't there a photocopy machine in the bursar's office? (Q) Narrator: What does the man imply?

Dialogues that You just listen to corroborate the information above that in a short conversation there are only four possible building dialogue. A question of numbers (1), with a pattern of Q-S should pay attention to direction questions limas has responded to the first person and observe the response given to the latter. Example problem number (2) is a dialogue with pattern S-Q. A dialogue with such a pattern forces you to consider carefully what Filipinos are second in the response he gave to the statement of the first. Example problem number (3), i.e. with the pattern of the S-S, having regard to the statement should limas has responded to the first and the second reaction to the statement that he gave. Example problem number (4), with a pattern of Q-Q, should be to pay attention to direction questions limas has responded to the first question and the second person thrown back. Without studying in earnest the pattern, however, it is difficult for the test-taker to get their best results. In General, the pattern of dialogue and steps we have to take can be described as follows.


The PATTERNS DIALOG DIALOG BUILDING measures that should be considered a PATTERN 1
Q
S
note the direction of the first question and examine the response given the second

PATTERN 2

S

Q

Examine what Filipinos are second in the response he gave to the statement the first

PATTERN is 3

S

S

note the statement of the first person and second person be aware of the reactions having regard to the statement that he gave.


PATTERN 4

Q

Q

Examine questions of people first and note the question behind that second

5. Lapis-lapis Sentence in dialogue

At a time when listening to a matter of Listening Comprehension in the TOEFL test, many of the test participants to anticipate the direction of the dialogue because stuttered speed (speed of the talk) that the height of the narrator, which ranges between 188-220 words per minute. Besides high speed trouble also sometimes appear, especially when the participants must listen to the Statement length, consisting of three layers of sentence at once in a single statement. The following example statement/question is displayed with various layers of sentence.
1. Woman: Dr. Naff's class has just been canceled.
Man: I was afraid of that!
Narrator: What does the man mean?

2. Man: Professor Smith is going to retire soon. What kind of gift should we give her?
Woman: I think she'd like to have a photograph of our class.
Narrator: What does the woman think the class should do?

3. Woman: That roast weighs about eight pounds.
Man: Oh, that's too big then. I only want to serve five people. Why don't you give me one about half that size?
Narrator: What does the man say about the roast?

4. Man: The problem is I don't have the parts to fix the water hose. You can drive it as it is, but you'll have to get it replaced pretty soon.
Woman: Okay. When the parts come in, give me a call and I'll bring it back.
Narrator: Where does this conversation probably take place?


Description 1. Statement in the first dialog can be included in a short statement, the group consisted of one sentence only (Dr. Naff's class has just been canceled). Likewise statement of response in the Dialog. His response Statement consisted of just one sentence (I was afraid of that!)

2. the second Dialog Dialogue different from first in terms of more length the information conveyed in the first person. In this section there are two layers of the sentence should be noted carefully that: (a) Professor Smith is going to retire soon (b). What kind of gift should we give her?

3. as a matter of the number 2, the dialogue on the matter of number 3, especially the part that said the second person also is long, consisting of three layers of sentence.

(a) That (the roast) is too big.
(b) I only want to serve five people.
(c) Why don't you give me about one half that size.

4. the fourth Dialog similar to the dialogue 2 and 3, i.e., the length of the information on one part, i.e. the spoken first person.

(a) The problem is I don't have the parts to fix the water hose.
(b) You can drive it as it is (c) you'll have to get it replaced pretty soon.



Having regard to the examples about Listening Comprehension in the TOEFL test, particularly the Short Dialogues, a candidate for the test-taker must familiarize themselves with forms questions (questions) and and statement (statement), both wake up to 1 sentence alone or Layer 2 or Layer 3 sentences.


B. LONG DIALOGUES AND TALKS
Of Long Dialogues (Long Conversations) in the TOEFL test is meant to test the ability of the test-taker to understand long conversation about the situation that exists in academic or non-academic. In this part of the test-taker will listen to two of the dialogue, each of which contains four rounds of questions; While the Talks are meant to test the ability of the test-taker to understand long monologue (talk) academic style. On the part of these talks participants will listen 3 pieces monologues that in General contains one each of 5, 4, and 3 questions.
To resolve this issue participants suggested test notice the key words are scattered in the options response. These keywords can be used to create an overview of the information to be conveyed in text. Test-taker's ability to make an idea of what will be discussed in a Long Conversation or what will be delivered in Talks will be very easy captures the core message Long Conversation and Talks.
The following is displayed regarding how to utilize keywords in anticipation of a Long Conversation and Talks from the diambilkan Tactical steps to prepare for TOEFL (Sutrisno, 2003: 116 – 122) b. 1. Practice of Utilizing Keywords When working on a matter of Long Conversation (Part B) and Talks (Part C), the test-taker is confronted on the issue which he must follow the information in the United Kingdom which was read at high speed, understand, and remember it. Of course this task is not easy to do because the test-taker must be dealing with long texts that contain about academic life in the United States. To do this task, participants test requires efficient manner, both in terms of capturing information and answer questions.
One way that could be considered test-taker is by utilizing keywords that are scattered in the option the answers. Skills utilizing keywords are indispensable in anticipating the information conveyed in the Long Conversation and Talks. Understanding keyword on the text option is to be solved before will really help the participants follow the flow of information that is read by the narrator. Note the key words which are scattered in the following answer options, and use those words to build a likely topic that will be discussed.



LISTENING COMPREHENSION:

1. BUILDING DIALOGUE DIALOGUE

Q S

S S

S Q

Q Q

2. The LEVEL of COMPLEXITY of the DIALOGUE

A. Dialogue contains 1 sentence tier.
B. Dialogue with 2 layers of sentences.
C. Dialogue contains 3 layers of sentence.

3. DEDUCE the CONTENTS of the DIALOGUE.

4. PARAFRASA AS CAPITAL BASE To ANSWER QUESTION

5. THE STRATEGY WORKED ON PROBLEMS SUCH AS DIALOGUE

Types of Problem Listening Toefl

Basic Skill For Listening

so that we get the maximum score in a Listening Test we are required not only good but United Kingdom Language knowledge n the habit we talk so we listened to the bule familiar with the language of the United Kingdom. Surely we can ga dapatin this ability only by studying 1 ato 2 days. To improve the ability of listening, we must often ? often practicing listening and familiarize self oral United Kingdom language so we're familiar with things like:
1.Idioms ato phrases aka figurative words
2.Structure Grammar
3.And certainly VOCABULARY aka vocabulary (especially the vocabulary We rarely denger) what should we anticipated when the test?

In addition to basic skill above, when tests are sometimes rich problems arise nerves, less good device listening ato various other factors that makes us so hard to understand the content of the talks.

So, what's the solution ?

The first one should never think it matters whether it will appear ato ngga, create a positive suggestion, positive thinking n PeDe 1000%, nevertheless we must prepare an antidote tetep kalo rich problems arise, what was penangkalnya??

THE CONCENTRATION OF ...

Ga no better antidote than concentration, gimana cara practice concentration could are you clay in CONCENTRATION when LISTENING TIPS.

If we can CONCENTRATION for sure we can maximize our hearing. Try to understand the entire contents of the conversation but don't be pehatikan ato monologue of each word the most important is precisely looking pronounced tau ato speaker contents mean overall, Miss words, idioms ato phrase n try to conclude the overall foreign talks ato monologue in listening These.

· Further Understand each section of the test, there will be 3 parts in the listening tests, among other things:
a dialogue between two people. Each conversation to one problem. Topics of conversation are usually things that relate to academic/school/college, like about PR, class, teachers/professors and exams.

· Contains dialogue ato conversation that is longer than the Part A, every conversation is common to two or more questions. The contents of the conversation can be a chat about famous people, process the scientific stuff/ato other things related to ato lecture lesson.

· Contains monologues ato lecture/announcements etc, each monologue was usually for three questions or more. The contents of the monologue can be either the description/narrative about famous people, process and other corresponding ato ha with ato lecture lesson.